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LM7812CT

12V 1A positive linear regulator, TO-220, thermal/SCP protection

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Manufacturer Part：

LM7812CT

Package：

TO-220-3 (10.16 x 4.7 x 20.4mm, through-hole, tab=GND)

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Description

Product Overview

The LM7812CT from onsemi is a 3-terminal 1A positive voltage regulator providing a fixed 12V output with 71dB ripple rejection and internal protection in a TO-220 package — the standard 12V regulator for industrial and automotive electronics.

Key Specifications

Output Voltage 12V fixed (±4% at 25°C)
Output Current 1A continuous
Input Voltage Range 14.5V to 35V
Dropout Voltage 2V typical @ 1A
Line Regulation 10mV typical (14.5V to 27V)
Load Regulation 12mV typical (5mA to 1.5A)
Quiescent Current 5.1mA typical
Ripple Rejection 71dB typical @ 120Hz
Output Noise 76µV/VO (10Hz to 100kHz)
Short-Circuit Current 250mA typical
Operating Temperature -40°C to +125°C (junction)
Package TO-220-3 (through-hole, tab=GND)

Features

  • Fixed 12V output — the most common industrial supply voltage
  • 1A continuous output current
  • Internal thermal overload protection
  • Internal short-circuit current limiting
  • 71dB ripple rejection
  • Output transistor SOA protection

Applications

  • 12V industrial power supply
  • Automotive 12V rail
  • Relay and solenoid power
  • Op-amp ±12V supply
  • Instrumentation power

The LM7812CT from onsemi is the 12V member of the LM78XX family — arguably the most important voltage in the series because 12V is the dominant supply rail in industrial, automotive, and communications equipment. From 12V, 5V can be derived with a secondary regulator (LM7805), and ±12V supplies are used for analog op-amp circuits. The minimum input voltage for regulation is 14.5V (12V + 2.5V dropout margin), making it ideal for automotive applications where the 14.4V alternator output directly feeds the regulator. The 71dB ripple rejection attenuates alternator whine and rectified AC ripple. The CT suffix denotes the TO-220 package. Power dissipation can be significant: at VIN=24V and IOUT=500mA, Pd = (24-12)×0.5 = 6W, requiring a heatsink.

The LM7812CT uses a series pass transistor (NPN Darlington) between input and output, controlled by a feedback loop that compares a fraction of the output voltage with an internal bandgap reference. When the output drops below 12V, the error amplifier increases drive to the pass transistor, increasing current flow. When the output rises above 12V, drive is reduced. The thermal protection disables the output at ~170°C junction temperature. The current limiting restricts output during a short circuit to ~250mA. The safe operating area (SOA) protection further reduces current limit as the input-output differential increases. The 5.1mA quiescent current flows through the ground pin and biases the internal reference and error amplifier. Power dissipation is Pd = (VIN − 12V) × IOUT; at VIN=18V, IOUT=1A: Pd = 6W. The heatsink thermal resistance must satisfy: θSA < (TJ_max − TA)/Pd − θJC − θCS. For TJ=100°C, TA=50°C: θSA < 50/6 − 5 − 0.5 = 2.83°C/W — a substantial heatsink.

Pin Name Type Description
1 INPUT Power Input Unregulated input voltage. Must be at least 3.7V (Vout + Vdropout ≈ 3.7V) for proper regulation. Maximum 35V. Bypass with 0.33µF ceramic capacitor to GND if supply is more than 6 inches from the regulator.
2 GND Ground Common ground reference. The TO-220 tab is electrically connected to this pin and serves as the primary heat dissipation path. Use thermal compound and heatsink for currents above 500mA.
3 OUTPUT Power Output Regulated 1.2V DC output at up to 1A continuous current with ±4% tolerance. Bypass with 0.1µF ceramic capacitor to GND to improve transient response and output impedance. Do not apply external voltage higher than 1.2V to prevent reverse bias damage.

Pin assignment follows standard TO-220-3 layout: Pin 1 (left) = Input, Pin 2 (center) = Ground/Tab, Pin 3 (right) = Output, when viewed from the front with pins pointing down. The metal tab on the back is electrically connected to Pin 2 (GND) and must be insulated from the heatsink when the heatsink is not at ground potential. Output capacitance of 0.1µF is required for stability; input capacitance of 0.33µF is recommended when the input supply is remote.

  • 12V Industrial Supply: 18V DC (from transformer+rectifier+filter) → LM7812CT → 12V rail; 0.33µF input + 0.1µF output caps
  • Dual 12V/5V: 18V → LM7812CT → 12V rail; 12V → LM7805CT → 5V rail; cascaded regulation
  • ±12V Op-Amp Supply: LM7812CT (+12V) + LM7912CT (-12V) from center-tapped transformer; clean ±12V for NE5532
  • Automotive 12V: Car 14.4V → LM7812CT → stable 12V; 71dB rejection of alternator noise
Model Manufacturer Key Difference Package Specs
LM7812ACT onsemi Tighter output tolerance: ±2% vs ±4% for precision power supply applications TO-220-3 1.2V/1A
L7812CV STMicroelectronics Direct equivalent with 1.5A output current, internal thermal shutdown and current limiting TO-220-3 1.2V/1.5A
MC7812CTG onsemi Current production replacement with identical electrical specifications and RoHS compliance TO-220-3 1.2V/1A
KA7812 onsemi/Fairchild Budget-friendly version with ±4% tolerance and standard 1A output current rating TO-220-3 1.2V/1A
MC7812ABD2TG onsemi Surface-mount DPAK version with ±2% A-grade tolerance for compact PCB layouts DPAK-3 1.2V/1A
LM2940CT-1.2 TI Low-dropout version with 0.5V max dropout at 1A for battery-powered and automotive systems TO-220-3 1.2V/1A LDO

LM7812CT is a 1.2V fixed positive voltage regulator in TO-220-3 with 1A output and ±4% tolerance. The ACT suffix offers ±2% precision. For surface-mount designs, use MC7812ABD2TG (DPAK). For battery-powered systems, the LM2940CT-1.2 LDO version reduces dropout to 0.5V. All 7812 variants are pin-compatible (IN-GND-OUT) and require only input/output capacitors.

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