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LM324ADT

Quad op-amp, 3-30V single supply, 1.3MHz GBW, 2mV Vos, 100dB gain, SOIC-14, 0~70°C, improved A-grade

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Manufacturer Part：

LM324ADT

Package：

SOIC-14 (8.65 x 3.9 x 1.65 mm, 1.27mm pitch)

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Description

The LM324ADT from STMicroelectronics is a quad low-power operational amplifier in a 14-pin SOIC package. It contains four independent high-gain internally compensated op-amps designed for single-supply operation from 3 V to 30 V (or dual supplies ±1.5 V to ±15 V). Key specs include 1.3-MHz gain bandwidth product, 0.4-V/µs slew rate, 2-mV typical input offset voltage, 20-nA input bias current, 100-dB voltage gain, and 70-dB minimum CMRR. The output voltage swings from near ground to VCC-1.5V. Quiescent current is 1.2 mA max for all four amplifiers at 5 V. Operating temperature range is 0°C to +70°C. The ‘A’ suffix denotes improved grade with lower offset voltage (3 mV max vs 7 mV for standard).

The LM324ADT from STMicroelectronics is the improved ‘A’ grade of the industry-standard LM324 quad operational amplifier. The ‘A’ grade offers tighter input offset voltage (3 mV max vs 7 mV for standard grade), making it suitable for applications requiring better DC precision without paying for premium op-amps. The device is pin-compatible with all LM324/LM224/LM2902 variants across manufacturers.

The LM324 family is one of the most widely used op-amp ICs in the world, valued for its single-supply operation, low cost, and quad-channel integration. All four amplifiers share a common VCC and GND, with each amplifier having independent inputs and outputs. The input common-mode voltage range includes ground (0 V), enabling direct sensing of signals near the negative rail without level shifting — a key advantage over dual-supply op-amps.

The output voltage swings from approximately 5 mV above ground (under light load) to VCC – 1.5 V, providing a usable output range in single-supply applications. The 40-mA typical output current at VCC = 15 V can directly drive LEDs, relays, and low-impedance loads without additional transistors.

The SOIC-14 package provides a compact surface-mount footprint (8.65 x 3.9 mm) for modern PCB designs. The ‘DT’ suffix in the ST part number denotes SOIC-14 tape-and-reel packaging. The low 1.2-mA total quiescent current (all four amplifiers) at 5 V makes the LM324ADT suitable for battery-operated equipment.

Typical applications include transducer amplifiers, DC gain blocks, active filters, comparators, oscillators, and general-purpose signal conditioning in consumer, industrial, and automotive systems. The LM324ADT is not recommended for new designs requiring high precision or high speed; consider TI’s LM324B (3 mV max Vos, EMI filtering, 36-V supply) for upgrades.

**Bipolar Input Stage:** Each of the four amplifiers in the LM324 uses a PNP differential input pair with a current-mirror active load. The PNP inputs enable the common-mode range to extend below ground by approximately -0.3 V, a critical feature for single-supply operation. The input bias current (20 nA typical) flows out of the input pins (PNP base current), which must be considered when designing high-impedance input networks.

**Gain and Compensation:** The high 100-dB open-loop gain is achieved through two voltage-gain stages. Internal dominant-pole compensation (typically 5-10 pF) sets the unity-gain bandwidth to 1.3 MHz and ensures stability in unity-gain voltage-follower configurations without external capacitors.

**Class-AB Output Stage:** The output stage uses a class-AB push-pull configuration that can both source and sink current. However, the sink current capability (typically 12-50 µA at low VOUT) is much weaker than the source capability, resulting in asymmetrical output drive. This is why the LM324 output cannot truly swing to ground under load — a pull-down resistor is needed for low-voltage outputs.

**Single-Supply Architecture:** The internal bias network is designed to operate from a single positive supply with no negative supply required. The ground pin (VCC-) serves as the reference for all internal bias currents and the output stage. This eliminates the need for a negative supply rail, reducing system complexity and cost.

Pin Name Type Description
1 1OUT O Amplifier 1 output; swings 5mV to VCC-1.5V; ±40mA source/sink capability
2 1IN- I Amplifier 1 inverting input; 20nA bias current flows out of pin
3 1IN+ I Amplifier 1 non-inverting input; common-mode range includes ground
4 VCC+ P Positive supply; 3V to 30V; bypass with 0.1µF ceramic
5 2IN+ I Amplifier 2 non-inverting input
6 2IN- I Amplifier 2 inverting input
7 2OUT O Amplifier 2 output
8 3OUT O Amplifier 3 output
9 3IN- I Amplifier 3 inverting input
10 3IN+ I Amplifier 3 non-inverting input
11 GND/VCC- G Ground / negative supply; connect to ground for single-supply operation
12 4IN+ I Amplifier 4 non-inverting input
13 4IN- I Amplifier 4 inverting input
14 4OUT O Amplifier 4 output
Application Description
Multi-Channel Signal Conditioning Four op-amps in one package for amplifying multiple sensor signals; e.g., 4 thermistor bridges or 4 strain gauge amplifiers; 2mV Vos (A-grade) reduces DC error; single 5V supply simplifies wiring; use as difference amplifiers with external resistors
Active Filter Bank Implement 2-4 active filters (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass) using Sallen-Key or MFB topologies; 1.3MHz GBW supports filters up to ~100kHz; four channels allow cascading or parallel filter paths; 100dB gain enables high-Q designs
Comparator + Window Detector Use op-amps as open-loop comparators for undervoltage/overvoltage detection; two amplifiers form a window comparator; ground-sensing input range simplifies single-supply design; 40mA output drives LEDs or relay coils; add hysteresis with feedback resistors
Model Manufacturer Compatibility Key Difference
LM324BDR TI Pin-Compatible Upgrade 3-36V supply; 3mV max Vos; 50nA max Ib; integrated EMI filter; 2kV HBM ESD; drop-in upgrade with improved specs and robustness
LM2902ADT ST Series Variant Same die as LM324A; -40°C to +105°C extended temperature range; automotive-qualified version; use for automotive and industrial temperature applications
MCP6004-I/ST Microchip Functional Alternative Quad op-amp; 1.8-6V supply; 1MHz GBW; CMOS inputs (1pA Ib); rail-to-rail output; SOIC-14; use for low-voltage battery-powered designs below 5V
LM324DT ST Standard Grade Same package and pinout; standard (non-A) grade with 7mV max Vos; lower cost; use when DC precision is not critical
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