LM324N

The LM324N is a quad operational amplifier from Texas Instruments, featuring four independent high-gain internally frequency-compensated op-amps in a 14-pin DIP package. Designed for single-supply operation from 3V to 32V, it eliminates the need for dual power supplies in many applications. The input common-mode voltage range includes ground, and the output can swing to ground, enabling direct use in 5V digital systems. Low supply current of 700uA (all four amplifiers) makes it suitable for battery-powered designs.

The LM324N contains four independent op-amps, each with a differential input stage, gain stages, and a class AB output stage. Internal frequency compensation provides stability at unity gain without external components. The input stage uses a Darlington configuration for low input bias current. The output stage features a current-sinking capability that allows the output to swing to ground without a pull-down resistor. Each amplifier operates independently with its own inverting input, non-inverting input, and output, sharing only the supply voltage connections.

• Transducer and sensor signal amplification
• Single-supply signal conditioning circuits
• Active filter and oscillator designs
• 5V digital system analog interfaces
• Battery-powered instrumentation and control