Passive components are electronic parts that perform functions in circuits without external power for energy gain. They don’t amplify or generate signals but affect current, voltage, and impedance via their physical traits. Key types include resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, and diodes (in some uses).
Resistors limit current, divide voltage, and adjust signal levels, like in LED drivers or audio circuits. Capacitors filter power, couple signals in amplifiers, and store energy, as in power supplies or camera flashes. Inductors filter with capacitors, enable electromagnetic induction in transformers, and choke low – frequency signals. Transformers change voltage, isolate circuits, and match impedance. Diodes rectify AC to DC and limit signal amplitudes for circuit protection.